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Railway Signalling systems world over are provided not only to make optimum use of the existing line capacity, but also to provide safe train operation by reducing human dependence. Now in the 21st century, modern signalling systems provide an answer for a reliable, safe and viable train operations. Large scale induction of modern signalling systems for train control are expected to pave the way for higher levels of speed, safety and passenger comforts in train operations. It is expected that important routes on IR will be equipped with ATP system or its variants like A TC, ETCS etc during the next decade or so. These routes will be worked on automatic block signalling system with majority of the stations equipped with solid state interlockings. This paper briefly outlines various safety related signalling systems, which play a significant role in safe, speedier and ef ficient train operation. 1.1 Rail ways st arted i n Indi a with t he firs t hist orical t rain jo urney b etween Bori Bun der and Thane in 1853.

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The railway network thereafter was gradually introduced in many other parts of the country. However, initially for about 40 years the trains were run on messages or c andle light signals without any signalling and interlocking arrangements.

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The concept of signaling and interlocking was first in troduced on 28 crossing stations between Lahore and Ghaziabad in the country in 1892. Colour light signaling was introduced on Indian Railways by GIP Railways in 1928 between Bombay VT and Byculla stations. The pace of modernization of signaling, however, picked up only after independence. 1.2 Today, o ver 82% of tot al 6853 station s on Indian Railway s are provided with some form of signalling and interlocking arrangements. Over 54% of total interlocked stations on Indian Railways are now provided with colour light signalling. Indian Railways have a multiple gauge network of 63,028 route kms., out of which about 16001 route kms. Is electrified.

1.3 With the rap id gro wth of p asse nger a nd good s traf fic an d its re quir emen t for speedier and safe movement, the need for a mo dern railway signalling system has become imperative. Today signalling arrangements are required to provide, inter alia, the following. I) Saf ety enh anc emen t a nd eff ici ent and saf e tr ain con trol ii) Li ne ca pa ci ty En ha nc em en t iii) Rea l time tr ain ru nni ng in for mati on 1.4 With the increas ing role of r ailway signa lling in t rain operati on an d availab ility of modern technologies, the signalling arrangements are poised for a quantum jump in the next 20-25 years. Many a n ew device and system are being contemplated. In this paper, an attempt has been made to present glimpses of various modern signalling arrangements which are currently being considered/provided and which are likely to be introduced in a big way in signalling installations in next 20-25 years. 2.1 Today, Indian Railwa ys (IR) have a multipl e gauge networ k of 63028 route kms, of which 16001 route kms is electrified.

The total investment in the system is Rs.633410 Millions ( about $ 1.32 Billion). During the last 50 years, passenger traffic has increased by 350% and freight traffic has increased by 450% whereas the route length has increased by only 17%. This has been achieved by steady increase in productivity of assets wherein capacity enhancement measures, signalling and telecommunication has played an important role.

It is a well known fact that application of modern signalling enhances safety by reducing human element in train operation. Signalling systems can be of great help in preventing accident at stations, level crossings and in block sections. The areas wherein Signalling can prevent accidents are as follows:- i) Ac ci de nt pr ev en ti on at st at io n. Ii) Acc iden t p reve nti on in Blo ck Sta tio n. Iii) Acc iden t Prev ent ion at Lev el Cros sin g.

2.2 Analys is of accident s in the last 5 y ears shows that about 54% of aaciden ts due to collisions, occur at stations. However many serious collisions have also taken place in block sections. Accidents at level crossing gates are other area of concern for Indian Railways. Signalling systems that can prevent these incidences are as below: (i) Com pone nts of S afe ty S yst ems at S tati ons:  Int erl ocki ng Sys tems - Pan el/ Rout eRel ay/ Elec tron ic  Trac k Cir cuit ing ( D.C a s wel l as Aud io Fr eque ncy T. C.)  Co lo ur L ig ht Si gn al li ng.